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ComputerNuggets:Non-Techie Internet Tips.
Non-Techie Internet Tips For In-Laws, Out-Laws, And The Rest Of Society.

The Biggest Kept Secret In Hypnosis.
Why Haven't More People With Stress Heard About This Simple Technique?

Golf Fitness Guide.
Easy Tips And Techniques To Quickly Transform Your Game And Add 20 Yards To Your Drives!

The Reluctant Eater: A Whirlwind Tour Through 8 Decades of Food Advice

The Reluctant Eater: A Whirlwind Tour Through 8 Decades of Food Advice
Why You Shouldn’t Entrust Your Eating Habits to the Media, the Government, or Food Science. Alongside 11 other fantastic presenters, The Reluctant Eater spoke at Ignite Boulder on Wednesday night. Ignite is a worldwide movement of

保藏方法和期限对肠膜明串珠菌发酵收率的影响Effects on fermentation …
葡聚糖产生菌的分离鉴定与发酵条件的初步研究Isolation and Identification of Dextran-Producting Strain Leuoconostoc Mesenteroieds and its Primary Fermentation Conditions 作者:廖威,杨辉,梁海秋,周河治, 期刊-核心期刊食品科学FOOD SCIENCE 2003

Report: US global clout to decrease with rise of China, India
Washington - The economic and political clout of the United States will decline by 2025, the spread of nuclear weapons and cyber- terrorism will emerge as the most potent global threats, and new wars are likely to be fought over water and food scarci…

molecular gastronomy: the intersection of food and science
And as for those who feel that the scientific study of food has always been with us, Chef Zboray says molecular gastronomy isn’t covering the same ground as traditional food science. Originally, food science was concerned with all of

rotating cacao with our feet

rotating cacao with our feet

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rotating cacao with our feet

packaging chocolate

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packaging chocolate

rural communities

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rural communities

E. coli found in bottled water: FSA - RTE Online

E. coli found in bottled water: FSA - RTE Online
The Food Safety Authority has confirmed that a survey in 2007 found that 1% of samples of bottled water had E. coli. On RTÉ Radio’s News at One , the Authority’s Chief Specialist in Food Science, Wayne Anderson, said the level of contamination was …

view from Tena

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view from Tena

Category:Food science - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The main article for this category is Food science. … Innovative Food Science and Emerging Technologies. Inverted sugar syrup …

Food safety procedures tightened - China Economic Net
The government unveiled on Tuesday major initiatives to ensure that imports, exports and domestic consumption of food conform to the highest standards. To keep a stringent check on imports from the United States, China will send food and drug quality …

Marsha in Salinas

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Marsha in Salinas

making truffles

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making truffles

Alton Brown Joins Welch’s in Standing Up to Free Radicals

Alton Brown Joins Welch’s in Standing Up to Free Radicals

Food scientist and TV personality, Alton Brown, is the new face of Welch’s ad campaign for its 100% Grape Juice made from Concord grapes. Known for his animated and engaging explanations of food science, Alton Brown will be appearing in television, print and online advertising, as well as in-store merchandising for Welch’s 100% Grape Juice. In his own unique style, he’ll blend ingredients of wit, wisdom, and science to explain what makes Welch’s 100% Grape Juice, made from the entire polyphenol-packed Concord grape, so special. To view Multimedia News Release, go to http://www.prnewswire.com/mnr/welchs/35871/

Alton Brown Joins Welch’s in Standing Up to Free Radicals - Video

Food Scientist Gets to the Heart of Polyphenol Power in Welch’s 100% Grape Juice With New TV, Print and Online Advertising

Fudge Science

The scientific explanation behind Fudge. Food Science Episode “Fudge Science” Dr.Kiki: Hi, I am Dr.Kiki and you are watching Food Science. Today we are going to learn all abut the chemistry behind making fudge. That’s right I said chemistry behind fudge, turns out that fudge is very special in the candy world. Its recipe is based on the chemical principles of super saturation, and crystallization. To start making fudge, what you need to d is take heavy cream, with chocolate, some sugar, and a little bit of salt. So I am going to start out putting one cup of heavy cream in this sauce pan. I turn the temperature on low and add four ounces of chocolate. I am going to melt this chocolate into the cream before adding any of the other ingredients. We are just going to sit here and I am going to stir this. The chocolate is starting to melt on the bottom of the pan I can feel it. So now the chocolate is fully melted into my cream and I am going to add my sugar. I am going to add two cups of sugar, which is way more than cream, should normally be able to dissolve. I am also using super fine granulated sugar so that it will break down a lot easier and it will be able to dissolve it into here. I am going to add a pinch of salt, and I am also going to add a tablespoon of Karo Syrup. Karo syrup is corn syrup; it’s made up of glucose molecules, which is different form the table sugar. Table sugar is made up of sucrose. What ends up happening when you mix this all together is that the sucrose and the glucose compete with each other and kind of messes up the crystallization process. So that crystals don’t form earlier than you want them to. Were going to keep increasing the temperature of the solution until it is boiling, and we want it to reach well beyond the normal boiling temperature of milk, so we have reached our boiling temperature, its 234 degrees Fahrenheit, and what’s happened right now is the fudge is boiling furiously. And this means that all of the sugar has been completely dissolved into our milk and chocolate solution. So we know that we have a completely super saturated solution at this point so we can move on. What I was doing just a second ago was wiping down the sides of my sauce pan to make sure there aren’t any stray sugar grains hiding around. One of the problems with the cooling process is now that this syrup is supersaturated. It really wants to crystallize. The sugar doesn’t want to be a liquid; it wants to be a solid. So it really wants to crystallize. But we are not going to let it. I am going to take this and pour it into a cooling container. Now that we have taken it away from the heat, we are going to put it into a quiet place. We are not going to agitate it. We are not going to stir it anymore. We are just going to let it cool on its own, so I am going to cover this fudge with a nice piece of cheese cloth. That’s going to help keep any bits of dust or other debris from falling on our fudge as well as let it cool. And it is going to cool for a long time. So now I have waited a couple of hours for my fudge to cool down. I haven’t been agitating it. Well maybe a little, I stuck a thermometer in it so I could find out how cool it was getting. Now let’s take a look at it. I had this cloth over to make sure that no stray dust particles got in to keep it as clean as possible. It looks really good; I have a nice shiny top on my fudge. It looks like it hasn’t started to crystallize at all. This is great. Now we got it at just the right temperature, what we are going to do is I am going to add a little bit of butter, two tablespoons of butter too the top of the mix here, and a teaspoon of vanilla. There is something about the combination of chocolate and vanilla that really makes the chocolate pop. And so now I am going to go back and take out my spoon from earlier and take out my thermometer, and just start stirring. I have waited until this perfect temperature I am mixing like crazy, my butter is going to melt, and right now it’s got a nice shiny sheen on it, and this is going to stay for quite awhile. Until all the ingredients get mixed together. And the crystals start to form. When the crystals start to form by my stirring, I am bringing sugar molecules into contact with each other so that they can start forming crystals. But because I am stirring it now, I am making tinier crystals 5than would have formed otherwise. And so I am going to keep stirring, and stirring, and stirring, and stirring. And what am I waiting for? The shininess to go away, when the shininess goes away it usually takes a few minutes, that means my fudge is set and all the crystallization is really getting going. So I have been stirring this here for a little while and it changed from shiny black texture to kind of a more matte brown look. And so this indicates to me that it’s about ready to turn into real fudge. So I am going to put this to the side for a second, take my little 8 by 8 pan here and give it a little butter. Then we just take what we got and pour it right into our pan. SO hopefully I have followed all of the precautions of the recipe correctly. And I didn’t cause super saturation in our fudge solution earlier than I wanted it to happen. Hopefully if we let this set overnight, or even just a couple of hours it will star to harden up on its own when it starts to hit that crystallization. So we will just take this, and this we can leave off to the side, you can cover if you like to. If you just want to make sure you don’t get anything into it. You let it sit fro awhile and when you come back later you should have something resembling this. Something nice and fudgy, something you can cut into nice Edible Square. Mmm, mmm. And hopefully it won’t have a grainy texture on your tongue. Hopefully it will be nice and smooth. And so that sour fudge, the chemistry of fudge all in one go. And while you’re eating your food, remember its not just food, its science.

Category:Food science - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The main article for this category is Food science. … Innovative Food Science and Emerging Technologies. Inverted sugar syrup …

Jeremy Brault - Food Science Title Sequence

A 45 second opening title sequence for a TV show called Food Science. It is a scientific based show about food, the science behind cooking, and what is in food. Created using Adobe After Effects CS3, Photoshop CS3, Apple Soundtrack Pro, Illustrator CS3, and a Cannon Rebel 20D and Rebel XTI with Multiblitz strobe lighting kit. http://www.jeremybrault.com/ http://www.jeremybrault.com/blog

Food Science Department - Purdue University
Food Science @ Purdue University - Food Chemistry, Food Microbiology, Food Processing. … It has been an exciting year for the Food Science Department! …

Food Science @ Penn State!
Department of Food Science, at the Pennsylvania State University. Food Science Experiments and Learning Opportunities for Students of All Ages!

Food science and food technology information from IFIS Publishing
A gateway to free and subscription based information relating to food science, food technology and food-related human nutrition, including feature articles, minireviews, internet …

Microwaving Eggs

In the kitchen with no time to spare? Go ahead and microwave those eggs!. Food Science Episode “Microwave eggs“ Dr. Kiki Sanford: Hi, I am Dr. Kiki Sanford and today on Food Science we are talking about microwaves. Have you ever wanted hardboiled goodness but didn’t have the time to dedicate, many of us have probably resorted to the microwave at one point or another. I know that I have tried to pop an egg into the microwave on at least one occasion but then you learn your lesson. Anyone having to clean a egg out of the microwave probably won’t repeat the mistake but what just happened? Microwave ovens work by creating electromagnetic waves in the form of microwaves that energiz the electrons and molecules. Microwaves have wave lenghts 1mm to 1m in length. Microwave ovens have a device inside of them called a magnatron which produces strong and rapid pulses of microwaves. DC pulses are created within the microwave oven Power Supply which electrically heat a cathode causing it to release electrons. With the help of the special magnet beams of the electrons are sent to special chambers that resonate at 2.5 ghz, the frequency ad which might waive ovens a operate. A antenna then transmits the current from the magnatron to the cooking chamber as microwaves. Microwaves primarily affect molecules that are polar in nature by making them rotate to remain aligned with the alternating electrical field of the microwaves. As they rotate some of the molecules bump into each other the resulting friction changes kinetic energy into heat. Microwaves can pass through non polar materials that do not conduct electricity and do not contain water. This lets them penetrate more deeply into foods and more rapidly than conventional cooking methods. In the case of our pour egg here the microwave excited the water molecules inside the egg to boiling, this lead to steam build up inside of the egg that increased the pressure enough to cause it to explode. But is it possible to cook an egg in the microwave in its shell without having it explode? I found a gadget that says it will let me do just that. The microwave egg boiler. This microwave egg boiler consists of a lid, a aluminum tray, and a well for water. But aluminum in the microwave? Well it turns out that as long as there are no sharp edges notice that this tray is nice and round, there is no place for the electrical current created in metal objects by microwaves to collect and create a spark. If you inspect your microwave you’ll notice that the cooking chamber is metal walled, this keeps the microwaves inside of the microwave. Now look carefully at the glass in the door, the holes in the screen are smaller than the wave lenghs of the microwave which also helped keep them from escaping. The thickness of the metal also comes into play, lower resistance leads to less heating, the thicker the metal the lower the resistance so this tray should be just fine. The lid is lined with aluminum so that the eggs are completely shielded from bombarding microwaves. You fill the well with water, put the eggs on the tray, set the lid on top and make sure it is snug, and then set the microwave to cook and you wait. The end result here is that the water is heated creating steam which heats the aluminum tray and cooks the eggs from the outside in via conduction, rather than the eggs heating internally, creating steam and exploding. That is hot, see what nice cooked eggs. And no mess to clean up, yeah. But remember it’s not just food, it is science, oh yeah, its science.

Looking for Dr Who in Thailand

Looking for Dr Who in Thailand
Bangkok - A British researcher has arrived in Bangkok to track down nine missing episodes of BBC’s legendary Dr Who TV series, the world’s longest-running science fiction show that started in 1963, media reports said Tuesday. Records show that nine …

UN forced to cut food rations to Zimbabweans for lack of donations
Johannesburg - The United Nations World Food Programme (WFP) said Monday it had been forced to reduce its food rations to millions of hungry people in Zimbabwe due to a lack of funding. In an update on its feeding programme in Zimbabwe, the WFP said …

Food science and food technology information from IFIS Publishing
A gateway to free and subscription based information relating to food science, food technology and food-related human nutrition, including feature articles, minireviews, internet …

School of Food Science - College of Agriculture, University of Idaho
The food science faculty and programs from the University of Idaho (UI) Department of Food Science and Toxicology and the food science faculty and programs …

Thailand destroys 8 tons of melamine-tainted products

Thailand destroys 8 tons of melamine-tainted products
Bangkok - Thailand’s Food and Drug Administration on Monday burned 8 tons of food products tainted with high levels of the toxic chemical melamine. About 20,000 boxes of melamine-tainted snacks and more 13,000 cans of unsweetened condensed milk were …

Food Science Institute Home
Kansas State University Food Science Institute … From the Director, Dr. Curtis Kastner. Welcome to the Food Science Institute Website.

Oysters Combat Cancer - The Ledger
Here’s some good news that came from food researchers: Oysters contain fat compounds that appear to retard the growth of cancer cells. Jack Losso, a researcher at Louisiana State University’s AgCenter Department of Food Science, said when ceramides …

How to survive six weeks of holiday food temptation - Coloradoan
Thanksgiving, Kwanzaa, Hanukkah or Christmas and New Year’s aren’t each just a single day. Starting with the week of Thanksgiving until the New Year’s celebration, a six-week season of culinary temptations is ahead. Many of us make a promise to …

Media Calendar: Olive Oil Event at Robert Mondavi Institute - UC Davis

Media Calendar: Olive Oil Event at Robert Mondavi Institute - UC Davis
Dec. 6, Saturday — The public is invited to participate in an olive oil tasting from 12:30 p.m. to 5 p.m. in the sensory theater of UC Davis’ newly opened Robert Mondavi Institute for Wine and Food Science. The guided tasting will give participants …

Alton Brown Joins Welch’s in Standing Up to Free Radicals - Video

Food Scientist Gets to the Heart of Polyphenol Power in Welch’s 100% Grape Juice With New TV, Print and Online Advertising

Food Science Australia
Food Science Australia is Australia’s largest food research and development organisation … News FSA research capability changes FSA is implementing substantial changes to its …

Shirley Corriher puts science, food in the blender - Atlanta Journal Constitution
Shirley Corriher’s first Thanksgiving away from home became an unintended science project. The Atlanta native was living in New York and wanted to impress her new husband with something special. She passed on turkey and went with duck. “I love …

Alton Brown Joins Welch’s in Standing Up to Free Radicals

Food scientist and TV personality, Alton Brown, is the new face of Welch’s ad campaign for its 100% Grape Juice made from Concord grapes. Known for his animated and engaging explanations of food science, Alton Brown will be appearing in television, print and online advertising, as well as in-store merchandising for Welch’s 100% Grape Juice. In his own unique style, he’ll blend ingredients of wit, wisdom, and science to explain what makes Welch’s 100% Grape Juice, made from the entire polyphenol-packed Concord grape, so special. To view Multimedia News Release, go to http://www.prnewswire.com/mnr/welchs/35871/

Oysters Combat Cancer - The Ledger
Here’s some good news that came from food researchers: Oysters contain fat compounds that appear to retard the growth of cancer cells. Jack Losso, a researcher at Louisiana State University’s AgCenter Department of Food Science, said when ceramides …

Xmas Present to Retailers from Bia Nua - PR Inside
2008-11-21 17:11:52 - Specialist food retailer Bia Nua has customers clambering for its goods but not enough retailers are stocking them. A specialist food producer wants to give Christmas cheer to retailers in some areas of the UK as it desperately …

Protein Denaturation

Dr. Kiki breaks down the breakdown of proteins.. Food Science Episode “Protein Denaturation” Dr. Kiki: Hi, I am Dr. Kiki Sanford and today on Food Science we are breaking down proteins. One of the most important processes in cooking is protein denaturation, or the breaking of a proteins structure by the application of extreme conditions. Denaturation changes the structure of proteins and therefore the way that they react, without denaturation many delicious foods would never be possible. Proteins are necessary for our survival; we have to eat them to be able to create them in our own bodies. And to proteins structure is everything from their most basic to complex levels, structure determines the function of proteins. Many of the food we eat contain proteins which consist of amino acids. There are hundreds of amino acids found throughout nature, but only instructions for 20 are contained in our genetic code. The amino acids that bio organisms can synthesize differ, some amino acids must be provided by diet and these are called essential amino acids. Proteins are created by creating amino acids end to end, like the links in a chain. Then chemical interactions and bonds within the chain cause the proteins to fold in knot like formations. Proteins have four structural levels, the primary chain of amino acids. Secondary is the formation of patterns within the protein, tertiary are side chain reactions leading to the stability of single protein molecules and quaternary is the association of multiple protein molecules or subunits. So in uncooked foods proteins are normally all folded up, there are an almost infinite number of possible protein structures but the primary structure determines the final folded shape that allows a protein to perform a particular task. Change the amino acid sequence even slightly and it might affect the structure enough to create a new protein with an entirely different function. There are different methods that can be used to break the bonds in proteins and change them from their naturally folded state, like heat or acid or force. Heating proteins increases the kinetic energy or energy of motion within them so that they start vibrating more and more intensely. The amount of heat determines the amount of motion, more heat, and more motion. Eventually if enough heat is applied the molecular motion will cause the bonds that keep the proteins folded to break, the knots unfurl and the proteins denature returning to their primary chainlike structure. Our bodies use this strategy to rid themselves of infection. The temperature that you feel when you get sick is your bodies attempt to denature viral proteins. Hopefully the temperature doesn’t get too high and end up denaturing you. Most proteins denature at 40 Celsius, higher temperatures are necessary to promote further physical changes. Adding acid to proteins, like the citric acid in lime juice causes a change in their ph, and the change in ph causes denaturation very similarly to adding heat. Alternatively, proteins can be denatured through the physical force of stretching. This happens when you use a manual or electric beater to whip eggs against the side of a bowl. When proteins denature it opens up whole new opportunities for bonding. Protein chains become more likely to bond with one another and form a solid network. Water gets forced out from between the chains and a stronger denser association is formed. The bonding of proteins into a solid mass is known as coagulation. In egg whites the change from translucent to opaque is due to coagulation, so is the skin on the surface of curdled milk, or the increase in firmness in custard. I know this is getting a little technical, but remember it is not just food, its science.

Fudge Science

The scientific explanation behind Fudge. Food Science Episode “Fudge Science” Dr.Kiki: Hi, I am Dr.Kiki and you are watching Food Science. Today we are going to learn all abut the chemistry behind making fudge. That’s right I said chemistry behind fudge, turns out that fudge is very special in the candy world. Its recipe is based on the chemical principles of super saturation, and crystallization. To start making fudge, what you need to d is take heavy cream, with chocolate, some sugar, and a little bit of salt. So I am going to start out putting one cup of heavy cream in this sauce pan. I turn the temperature on low and add four ounces of chocolate. I am going to melt this chocolate into the cream before adding any of the other ingredients. We are just going to sit here and I am going to stir this. The chocolate is starting to melt on the bottom of the pan I can feel it. So now the chocolate is fully melted into my cream and I am going to add my sugar. I am going to add two cups of sugar, which is way more than cream, should normally be able to dissolve. I am also using super fine granulated sugar so that it will break down a lot easier and it will be able to dissolve it into here. I am going to add a pinch of salt, and I am also going to add a tablespoon of Karo Syrup. Karo syrup is corn syrup; it’s made up of glucose molecules, which is different form the table sugar. Table sugar is made up of sucrose. What ends up happening when you mix this all together is that the sucrose and the glucose compete with each other and kind of messes up the crystallization process. So that crystals don’t form earlier than you want them to. Were going to keep increasing the temperature of the solution until it is boiling, and we want it to reach well beyond the normal boiling temperature of milk, so we have reached our boiling temperature, its 234 degrees Fahrenheit, and what’s happened right now is the fudge is boiling furiously. And this means that all of the sugar has been completely dissolved into our milk and chocolate solution. So we know that we have a completely super saturated solution at this point so we can move on. What I was doing just a second ago was wiping down the sides of my sauce pan to make sure there aren’t any stray sugar grains hiding around. One of the problems with the cooling process is now that this syrup is supersaturated. It really wants to crystallize. The sugar doesn’t want to be a liquid; it wants to be a solid. So it really wants to crystallize. But we are not going to let it. I am going to take this and pour it into a cooling container. Now that we have taken it away from the heat, we are going to put it into a quiet place. We are not going to agitate it. We are not going to stir it anymore. We are just going to let it cool on its own, so I am going to cover this fudge with a nice piece of cheese cloth. That’s going to help keep any bits of dust or other debris from falling on our fudge as well as let it cool. And it is going to cool for a long time. So now I have waited a couple of hours for my fudge to cool down. I haven’t been agitating it. Well maybe a little, I stuck a thermometer in it so I could find out how cool it was getting. Now let’s take a look at it. I had this cloth over to make sure that no stray dust particles got in to keep it as clean as possible. It looks really good; I have a nice shiny top on my fudge. It looks like it hasn’t started to crystallize at all. This is great. Now we got it at just the right temperature, what we are going to do is I am going to add a little bit of butter, two tablespoons of butter too the top of the mix here, and a teaspoon of vanilla. There is something about the combination of chocolate and vanilla that really makes the chocolate pop. And so now I am going to go back and take out my spoon from earlier and take out my thermometer, and just start stirring. I have waited until this perfect temperature I am mixing like crazy, my butter is going to melt, and right now it’s got a nice shiny sheen on it, and this is going to stay for quite awhile. Until all the ingredients get mixed together. And the crystals start to form. When the crystals start to form by my stirring, I am bringing sugar molecules into contact with each other so that they can start forming crystals. But because I am stirring it now, I am making tinier crystals 5than would have formed otherwise. And so I am going to keep stirring, and stirring, and stirring, and stirring. And what am I waiting for? The shininess to go away, when the shininess goes away it usually takes a few minutes, that means my fudge is set and all the crystallization is really getting going. So I have been stirring this here for a little while and it changed from shiny black texture to kind of a more matte brown look. And so this indicates to me that it’s about ready to turn into real fudge. So I am going to put this to the side for a second, take my little 8 by 8 pan here and give it a little butter. Then we just take what we got and pour it right into our pan. SO hopefully I have followed all of the precautions of the recipe correctly. And I didn’t cause super saturation in our fudge solution earlier than I wanted it to happen. Hopefully if we let this set overnight, or even just a couple of hours it will star to harden up on its own when it starts to hit that crystallization. So we will just take this, and this we can leave off to the side, you can cover if you like to. If you just want to make sure you don’t get anything into it. You let it sit fro awhile and when you come back later you should have something resembling this. Something nice and fudgy, something you can cut into nice Edible Square. Mmm, mmm. And hopefully it won’t have a grainy texture on your tongue. Hopefully it will be nice and smooth. And so that sour fudge, the chemistry of fudge all in one go. And while you’re eating your food, remember its not just food, its science.

Jeremy Brault - Food Science Title Sequence

Jeremy Brault - Food Science Title Sequence

A 45 second opening title sequence for a TV show called Food Science. It is a scientific based show about food, the science behind cooking, and what is in food. Created using Adobe After Effects CS3, Photoshop CS3, Apple Soundtrack Pro, Illustrator CS3, and a Cannon Rebel 20D and Rebel XTI with Multiblitz strobe lighting kit. http://www.jeremybrault.com/ http://www.jeremybrault.com/blog

chocolate making machine

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chocolate making machine

visiting kallari communities

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visiting kallari communities

Science Feast - Secret Hospital Sketch Comedy

We all want the best for that special cat in our lives. But what if that cat doesn’t recognize the sacrifice, and makes your heart… more > We all want the best for that special cat in our lives. But what if that cat doesn’t recognize the sacrifice, and makes your heart ache with its insolent, cold, unfeeling behavior? Secret Hospital Advertising presents its campaign pitch for a new cat food. Science Feast: For Your New Best Friend. < less

Leavening

Leavening

   Have you ever wondered why some cookies stay flat and some rise?

Protein Denaturation

   Dr. Kiki breaks down the breakdown of proteins.

rotating cacao with our feet

ie3global posted a photo:

rotating cacao with our feet

Food Science Australia

Food Science Australia
Food Science Australia is Australia’s largest food research and development organisation … News FSA research capability changes FSA is implementing substantial changes to its …

Liquid Nitrogen Ice Cream

   Forget that old-fashioned recipe for ice cream, try some liquid nitrogen!

Week 12:Meet the Masters #2 : Week 12:Meet the Masters #2

   Wylie Dufresne explains food science at his WD-50 restaurant.

Fermentation

   Dr. Kiki talks about how fermentation creates energy.

Fudge Science

The scientific explanation behind Fudge. Food Science Episode “Fudge Science” Dr.Kiki: Hi, I am Dr.Kiki and you are watching Food Science. Today we are going to learn all abut the chemistry behind making fudge. That’s right I said chemistry behind fudge, turns out that fudge is very special in the candy world. Its recipe is based on the chemical principles of super saturation, and crystallization. To start making fudge, what you need to d is take heavy cream, with chocolate, some sugar, and a little bit of salt. So I am going to start out putting one cup of heavy cream in this sauce pan. I turn the temperature on low and add four ounces of chocolate. I am going to melt this chocolate into the cream before adding any of the other ingredients. We are just going to sit here and I am going to stir this. The chocolate is starting to melt on the bottom of the pan I can feel it. So now the chocolate is fully melted into my cream and I am going to add my sugar. I am going to add two cups of sugar, which is way more than cream, should normally be able to dissolve. I am also using super fine granulated sugar so that it will break down a lot easier and it will be able to dissolve it into here. I am going to add a pinch of salt, and I am also going to add a tablespoon of Karo Syrup. Karo syrup is corn syrup; it’s made up of glucose molecules, which is different form the table sugar. Table sugar is made up of sucrose. What ends up happening when you mix this all together is that the sucrose and the glucose compete with each other and kind of messes up the crystallization process. So that crystals don’t form earlier than you want them to. Were going to keep increasing the temperature of the solution until it is boiling, and we want it to reach well beyond the normal boiling temperature of milk, so we have reached our boiling temperature, its 234 degrees Fahrenheit, and what’s happened right now is the fudge is boiling furiously. And this means that all of the sugar has been completely dissolved into our milk and chocolate solution. So we know that we have a completely super saturated solution at this point so we can move on. What I was doing just a second ago was wiping down the sides of my sauce pan to make sure there aren’t any stray sugar grains hiding around. One of the problems with the cooling process is now that this syrup is supersaturated. It really wants to crystallize. The sugar doesn’t want to be a liquid; it wants to be a solid. So it really wants to crystallize. But we are not going to let it. I am going to take this and pour it into a cooling container. Now that we have taken it away from the heat, we are going to put it into a quiet place. We are not going to agitate it. We are not going to stir it anymore. We are just going to let it cool on its own, so I am going to cover this fudge with a nice piece of cheese cloth. That’s going to help keep any bits of dust or other debris from falling on our fudge as well as let it cool. And it is going to cool for a long time. So now I have waited a couple of hours for my fudge to cool down. I haven’t been agitating it. Well maybe a little, I stuck a thermometer in it so I could find out how cool it was getting. Now let’s take a look at it. I had this cloth over to make sure that no stray dust particles got in to keep it as clean as possible. It looks really good; I have a nice shiny top on my fudge. It looks like it hasn’t started to crystallize at all. This is great. Now we got it at just the right temperature, what we are going to do is I am going to add a little bit of butter, two tablespoons of butter too the top of the mix here, and a teaspoon of vanilla. There is something about the combination of chocolate and vanilla that really makes the chocolate pop. And so now I am going to go back and take out my spoon from earlier and take out my thermometer, and just start stirring. I have waited until this perfect temperature I am mixing like crazy, my butter is going to melt, and right now it’s got a nice shiny sheen on it, and this is going to stay for quite awhile. Until all the ingredients get mixed together. And the crystals start to form. When the crystals start to form by my stirring, I am bringing sugar molecules into contact with each other so that they can start forming crystals. But because I am stirring it now, I am making tinier crystals 5than would have formed otherwise. And so I am going to keep stirring, and stirring, and stirring, and stirring. And what am I waiting for? The shininess to go away, when the shininess goes away it usually takes a few minutes, that means my fudge is set and all the crystallization is really getting going. So I have been stirring this here for a little while and it changed from shiny black texture to kind of a more matte brown look. And so this indicates to me that it’s about ready to turn into real fudge. So I am going to put this to the side for a second, take my little 8 by 8 pan here and give it a little butter. Then we just take what we got and pour it right into our pan. SO hopefully I have followed all of the precautions of the recipe correctly. And I didn’t cause super saturation in our fudge solution earlier than I wanted it to happen. Hopefully if we let this set overnight, or even just a couple of hours it will star to harden up on its own when it starts to hit that crystallization. So we will just take this, and this we can leave off to the side, you can cover if you like to. If you just want to make sure you don’t get anything into it. You let it sit fro awhile and when you come back later you should have something resembling this. Something nice and fudgy, something you can cut into nice Edible Square. Mmm, mmm. And hopefully it won’t have a grainy texture on your tongue. Hopefully it will be nice and smooth. And so that sour fudge, the chemistry of fudge all in one go. And while you’re eating your food, remember its not just food, its science.

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Kansas State University Food Science Institute … From the Director, Dr. Curtis Kastner. Welcome to the Food Science Institute Website.

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